New In This Edition: This second edition of the Encyclopedia of GIS includes 30% to 50% new content. It provides up-to-date information on emerging topics such as spatial big data, smart-phone GIS, urban computing and mobile recommender systems. It also expands the first edition's rich set of GIS-related commercial and societal applications such as geo-targeting, geo-fencing and understanding climate changes, while enabling more comprehensive coverage of classical GIS topics such as map projections, global positioning systems and spatial cognition. The entries explain the key software, data sets and processes used by geographers and computational scientists. Additionally, the reference emphasizes the role of GIS in business and mobile intelligence. By offering more diversified GIS-related topics from theory and research than most of the other available literature, the authors equip newcomers to the field with principles as well as applications. With an accessible breadth of content and intuitive A-Z organization, this new edition of the encyclopedia is an invaluable reference for newcomers to the field of GIS, as well as researchers, students, developers and professionals who are interested in exploring this new dynamic area. Praise For The First Edition: "The focus here, however, is on the mathematical and computational aspects of GIS ... . This is very welcome to those practitioners who have been less exposed to some of the mathematical and computational aspects of GIS. This is also very welcome to the researcher or graduate student within any of the interdisciplinary areas that use GIS. ... I highly recommend it." (Pascal V. Calarco, ACM Computing Reviews, November, 2008) "This single-volume reference work is a highly welcome ... addition to the rapidly advancing field of geographic information systems. Peer-reviewed entries from over 300 contributors cover 41 topical subfields, with an overall emphasis on computational aspects of GIS. The volume is adequately illustrated with 723 figures and 90 tables in black and white. A full bibliography and concise list of entry terms are provided at the back of the work. ... Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division geography students through professionals." (C. E. Smith, CHOICE, Vol. 45 (11), 2008) "The encyclopedia is divided into 41 fields, each one an important sub-area within GIS. ... the editors' organization of the material and comprehensive and systematic approach are superb and shall give students, eager readers as well as researchers an understanding of the topics in quite full depth and breadth. ... is lavishly illustrated with figures, graphs and tables, the design and execution of which are as perfect as the material they illustrate. ... it is sturdy and opens out nicely for study and reference." (Current Engineering Practice, 2008).

This book provides a comprehensive understanding of each aspect of offshore operations including conventional methods of operations, emerging technologies, legislations, health, safety and environment impact of offshore operations. The book starts by coverage of notable offshore fields across the globe and the statistics of present oil production, covering all types of platforms available along with their structural details. Further, it discusses production, storage and transportation, production equipment, safety systems, automation, storage facilities and transportation. Book ends with common legislation acts and comparison of different legislation acts of major oil/gas producing nations. The book is aimed at professionals and researchers in petroleum engineering, offshore technology, subsea engineering, and Explores the engineering, technology, system, environmental, operational and legislation aspects of offshore productions systems Covers most of the subsea engineering material in a concise manner Includes legislation of major oil and gas producing nations pertaining to offshore operations (oil and gas) Incorporates case studies of major offshore operations (oil and gas) accidents and lessons learnt Discusses environment impact of offshore operations

An accessible guide to the ideas and technologies underlying such applications as GPS, Google Maps, Pokemon Go, ride-sharing, driverless cars, and drone surveillance. Billions of people around the globe use various applications of spatial computing daily-by using a ride-sharing app, GPS, the e911 system, social media check-ins, even Pokemon Go. Scientists and researchers use spatial computing to track diseases, map the bottom of the oceans, chart the behavior of endangered species, and create election maps in real time. Drones and driverless cars use a variety of spatial computing technologies. Spatial computing works by understanding the physical world, knowing and communicating our relation to places in that world, and navigating through those places. It has changed our lives and infrastructures profoundly, marking a significant shift in how we make our way in the world. This volume in the MIT Essential Knowledge series explains the technologies and ideas behind spatial computing. The book offers accessible descriptions of GPS and location-based services, including the use of Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and RFID for position determination out of satellite range; remote sensing, which uses satellite and aerial platforms to monitor such varied phenomena as global food production, the effects of climate change, and subsurface natural resources on other planets; geographic information systems (GIS), which store, analyze, and visualize spatial data; spatial databases, which store multiple forms of spatial data; and spatial statistics and spatial data science, used to analyze location-related data.

This book highlights some of the unique aspects of spatio-temporal graph data from the perspectives of modeling and developing scalable algorithms. The authors discuss in the first part of this book, the semantic aspects of spatio-temporal graph data in two application domains, viz., urban transportation and social networks. Then the authors present representational models and data structures, which can effectively capture these semantics, while ensuring support for computationally scalable algorithms. In the first part of the book, the authors describe algorithmic development issues in spatio-temporal graph data. These algorithms internally use the semantically rich data structures developed in the earlier part of this book. Finally, the authors introduce some upcoming spatio-temporal graph datasets, such as engine measurement data, and discuss some open research problems in the area. This book will be useful as a secondary text for advanced-level students entering into relevant fields of computer science, such as transportation and urban planning. It may also be useful for researchers and practitioners in the field of navigational algorithms.

This book highlights some of the unique aspects of spatio-temporal graph data from the perspectives of modeling and developing scalable algorithms. The authors discuss in the first part of this book, the semantic aspects of spatio-temporal graph data in two application domains, viz., urban transportation and social networks. Then the authors present representational models and data structures, which can effectively capture these semantics, while ensuring support for computationally scalable algorithms. In the first part of the book, the authors describe algorithmic development issues in spatio-temporal graph data. These algorithms internally use the semantically rich data structures developed in the earlier part of this book. Finally, the authors introduce some upcoming spatio-temporal graph datasets, such as engine measurement data, and discuss some open research problems in the area. This book will be useful as a secondary text for advanced-level students entering into relevant fields of computer science, such as transportation and urban planning. It may also be useful for researchers and practitioners in the field of navigational algorithms.

This book provides a collection of concepts, algorithms, and techniques that effectively harness the power of Spatial Network Big Data. Reading this book is a first step towards understanding the immense challenges and novel applications of SNBD database systems. This book explores these challenges via investigating scalable graph-based query processing strategies and I/O efficient storage and access methods. This book will be of benefit to academics, researchers, engineers with a particular interest in network database models, network query processing, and physical storage models.

Emerging Spatial Big Data (SBD) has transformative potential in solving many grand societal challenges such as water resource management, food security, disaster response, and transportation. However, significant computational challenges exist in analyzing SBD due to the unique spatial characteristics including spatial autocorrelation, anisotropy, heterogeneity, multiple scales and resolutions which is illustrated in this book. This book also discusses current techniques for, spatial big data science with a particular focus on classification techniques for earth observation imagery big data. Specifically, the authors introduce several recent spatial classification techniques, such as spatial decision trees and spatial ensemble learning. Several potential future research directions are also discussed. This book targets an interdisciplinary audience including computer scientists, practitioners and researchers working in the field of data mining, big data, as well as domain scientists working in earth science (e.g., hydrology, disaster), public safety and public health. Advanced level students in computer science will also find this book useful as a reference.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Geographic Information Science, GIScience 2012, held in Columbus, OH, USA in September 2012. The 26 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 57 submissions. While the traditional research topics are well reflected in the papers, emerging topics that involve new research hot-spots such as cyber infrastructure, big data, web-based computing also occupy a significant portion of the volume.

This two volume set LNCS 9642 and LNCS 9643 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Database Systems for Advanced Applications, DASFAA 2016, held in Dallas, TX, USA, in April 2016. The 61 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 183 submissions. The papers cover the following topics: crowdsourcing, data quality, entity identification, data mining and machine learning, recommendation, semantics computing and knowledge base, textual data, social networks, complex queries, similarity computing, graph databases, and miscellaneous, advanced applications.

This two volume set LNCS 9642 and LNCS 9643 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Database Systems for Advanced Applications, DASFAA 2016, held in Dallas, TX, USA, in April 2016. The 61 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from a total of 183 submissions. The papers cover the following topics: crowdsourcing, data quality, entity identification, data mining and machine learning, recommendation, semantics computing and knowledge base, textual data, social networks, complex queries, similarity computing, graph databases, and miscellaneous, advanced applications.

This volume constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Spatial and Temporal Databases, SSTD 2011, held in Minneapolis, USA, in August 2011. The 24 revised full papers presented together with one keynote, 8 short papers, and 8 demonstration papers, were thoroughly reviewed and selected from a total of 63 research submissions, 21 vision and challenges submissions and 16 demonstration submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on knowledge discovery; spatial networks; access methods; moving objects and sensor networks; multidimensional query processing; and temporal and streaming data.